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用PCBN刀具精车淬硬钢

发布时间:2013-08-08

  淬硬钢工件常规的加工工艺是粗磨、精磨,现代切削加工与刀具材料技术的发展,可采用高精度的车削工艺代替磨削加工,为淬硬工件的精加工开辟了一条快捷经济的新途径。精车淬硬钢工件,只有硬度高于45HRC时才能发挥出立方氮化硼PCBN刀具的强大优势。在切削淬火硬度(58~63HRC)的工件时,切削速度v一般为90~160m/min,工件硬度越高,切削速度宜越低,如车削70HRC以上的工件,v=60~90m/min。精车切削深度0.1~0.3mm,进给量0.05~0.25mm/r,精车后的工件表面粗糙度可达Ra0.3~0.6,尺寸精度可达0.013mm。若采用刚性较好的标准数控车床加工,PCBN刀具刚性和刃口保护较好,则精车后的表面粗糙度可达Ra0.3,尺寸精度可达0.01mm,达到使用数控磨削的水平。也可精车断续表面,只是切削速度要适当,机床加工系统刚性要非常好,要选用高含量的PCBN复合刀片。精车时一般加工余量为0.3mm左右,在条件允许下尽可能保证余量均匀,即需提高淬火之前的尺寸精度,因为均匀的加工余量可以延长PCBN刀具寿命。精车一般不用切削液,因为切削速度较高,大量的热量将由切屑带走,很少会在工件表面产生热损伤及热变形。刀片宜选择韧性和强度高的80°菱形(CNGN刀片),刀尖圆弧半径在0.4~1.2mm之间,虽然刀尖半径越大,加工后的工件表面粗糙度值越低,但切削力会增大,导致刚性不足的加工系统产生振颤。因此要根据实际生产情况选用合适的刀尖圆弧。

  PCBN刀具在使用前有必要用金刚石砂轮对刃口倒角钝化处理,以保护其刃口。当采用车削工艺时,事先须用淬火的棒料进行粗加工或精加工试验。目前,国内已有许多单位采用了以车代磨加工淬火钢工艺,如某大型齿轮厂用我公司生产的PCBN刀具(CNMN120408 ZB3000X)加工渗碳淬火(58~63HRC)的20CrMnTi汽车盆角齿轮内孔,采用v=150mm/min,f=0.1mm/r,ap=0.2~0.3mm加工参数,实现了以车代磨,刀具切削行程达到10.5km。加工效率是以前的2-3倍,大大的节省电力、人工、设备投入等生产成本。

  PCBN刀具是一种非常有前途的刀具材料,虽然具有很好的切削性能,但是对使用条件要求也很高,因此只有正确选择PCBN刀具及牌号,选用合适的加工参数,才能降低单件刀具费用,从而创造巨大的经济效益。



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