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硬度可与金刚石媲美的新型碳材料

发布时间:2013-08-08

  最近,美国卡内基研究院与内布拉斯加大学林肯分校科学家合作,创造出一种碳的新形式,混合了晶体和非晶体两种结构,是一种“有序化的无序排列”,堪称“浑沌”晶体。这种材料非常坚硬,能在钻石上留下凹痕。这一发现在机械力学、电子学、电气化学等领域都有着广泛应用前景。

  碳元素在宇宙中含量排第四,仅次于氢、氮和氧,以多种形式存在:石墨、钻石、单层蜂窝状的石墨烯、圆柱形纳米管,还有笼子形状的富勒烯(也叫“巴基球”)。这些碳有些以晶体形式存在,即碳原子的单位结构不断重复,排列成有规律的结构;另一种则是非晶体。此外,科学家认为还可能有晶体与非晶体的混合形式存在,但以前从未观察到过。

  该研究由卡内基研究院的王林(音译)领导。他们在巴基球(C-60)中加入一种有机二甲苯(C8H10)溶剂,让其溶解后施加高压,观察在不同压力下会发生怎样的变化。在相对低压条件下,C-60还能保持笼子形状,随着压力升高,笼结构开始破裂成非晶体的碳原子簇。然而,这些非晶体碳簇仍保持在它们原来的位置上,形成一种晶格结构。研究人员称之为“有序非晶体碳簇”。

  形成这种结构的压力范围非常狭窄。低于30万个大气压时,形成的新结构在消除压力后会恢复成原来的球状,达到32万个大气压后,新结构就是稳定的,消除压力后也不会复原。

  随后,研究人员用阿拉贡国家实验室的先进光源、布鲁克海文国家实验室的同步光源对新材料进行了检测,验证了它的结构。他们在实验用的钻石上发现了挤压留下的凹痕,这表明新材料的硬度接近钻石。

  如果加热除掉浑沌晶体中的溶剂,它们就会失去规则的晶格结构。研究人员解释说,这表明溶剂是这种浑沌晶体保持其化学过渡性的关键。类似的溶剂还有很多种,因此在理论上,通过施压来构造一种与此类似、但更轻的碳晶格结构是可能的。

  王林说:“我们创造了一种新型碳材料,硬度可与钻石相比。这种材料在极端高压下一旦形成,就能在正常条件下存在,这意味着它们具有广泛的实际应用价值。”



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